PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF NICOTINE

Nicotine is a powerful central nervous system stimulant that produces a variety of physiological effects. Its stimulant action in the cerebral cortex produces an aroused, alert mental state. Nicotine also stimulates the adrenal glands, increasing the production of adrenaline. The physical effects of nicotine stimulation include increased heart and respiratory rate, constriction of blood vessels, and subsequent increased blood pressure because the heart must work harder to pump blood through the narrowed vessels.

Nicotine decreases the stomach contractions that signal hunger. It also decreases blood sugar levels. These factors along with decreased sensation in the taste buds, reduce appetite. For this reason, many smokers eat less than non-smokers do and weigh, on average, 7 pounds less than nonsmokers. Beginning smokers usually feel the effects of nicotine with their first puff. These symptoms, cal poisoning, include dizziness, lightheadedness, rapid and erratic pulse, clammy skin, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. The effects of nicotine poisoning cease as soon as tolerance to the chemical develops. Medical research indicates that tolerance develops almost immediately in new users, perhaps after the second or third cigarette. In contrast, tolerance to most other drugs, such as alcohol, develops over a period of months or years. Regular smokers often do not experience the “buzz” of smoking. Most addicted smokers continue to smoke simply because stopping is too difficult.

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